Science - bible

Feb

2013

1:37pm, EST

'Genesis death sandwich' discovered in Bible

www.searchvisualizer.com

When mentions of "life" and "death" are plotted in Genesis, a pattern emerges.

By Megan Gannon
LiveScience

Researchers using text-analysis software say they've discovered a new literary device in the first book of the Bible: the "Genesis death sandwich."

The name refers to a familiar rhetorical structure — sandwiching bad news in between the good. In the case of Genesis, the slices of white bread are themes of life, and the slimy cold cuts in between are mentions of death.

"The structuring of life and death in Genesis appears to be something that hasn't been noticed before," researcher Gordon Rugg, a senior lecturer in Computing and Mathematics at Keele University in the United Kingdom, wrote in a blog post on Thursday. "We think it's a standard literary device being used on a larger scale than had been previously realized. No aliens, no secret codes, no conspiracies, but some striking images, and a great name for a band."

For their study, Rugg and his colleagues ran the King James version of the text through software known as the Search Visualizer, which plotted mentions of life in red and death in green on a single gridded page representing the whole book. Their results showed frequent mentions of life in the opening and closing verses of Genesis.

For example, toward the end of the book, when Joseph is reunited with his brothers, he tells them: "Now therefore be not grieved, nor angry with yourselves, that ye sold me hither: for God did send me before you to preserve life" (Genesis 45:5). Meanwhile, mentions of death are clustered in the middle, the researchers found, especially in Chapter 27, when an aging Isaac talks to his son Esau, saying, for example, "Behold now, I am old, I know not the day of my death" (Genesis 27:2).

The researchers say this structure is an example of a literary convention known as inclusio, also called bracketing, where one theme frames another. Rugg acknowledged that it is uncertain whether or not this "death sandwich" convention was applied to the text intentionally. Nonetheless, he says it might have been used to cushion the negative messages of death, or perhaps to put life and death in stark contrast. [The 10 Weirdest Ways We Deal With the Dead]

"Whether it was a deliberate use of inclusio or a subconscious use is an open question," Rugg wrote. "We don't think that this structure is likely to be a coincidence, given the number of times the two words occur within Genesis, and given that these are themes that have long been recognized as significant within it."

Rugg and his colleagues ran other searches using the software for words not considered significant by scholars, finding no specific patterns in the book of Genesis. However, they did find the word "woman" appears overwhelmingly in the first part of Genesis, while it rarely pops up in the second half, Rugg wrote. Another term, "begat," illustrates something scholars have long recognized -- that the gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John mirror the themes and structures of the Old Testament (which includes Genesis); sure enough, "begat" showed a striking cluster in the first part of Genesis, mirroring what was found in the first part of the gospel of Matthew, Rugg said.

Rugg and David Musgrave of Amridge University in Alabama presented their research at November's meeting of the Association of Schools of Oriental Research in Chicago.

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Feb

2013

7:33pm, EST

Custody battle waged over Apollo 'lunar Bibles'

Sotheby's

One of 300 microfilm editions of the King James Bible that flew to the moon on board NASA's Apollo 14 mission in February 1971.

By Robert Z. Pearlman, collectSPACE.com Editor

Miniature Bibles that flew to the moon more than 40 years ago are now at the center of a custody dispute between the author who wrote about their history and the state caring for the reverend who was behind their creation.

The two-year moon bible legal battle, which became public Feb. 17 through the reporting of the Houston Chronicle, began in 2010 when the Texas Department of Aging and Disability Services (DADS) intervened in a Dallas auction to prevent Oklahoma Christian author Carol Mersch from selling one of the so-called "lunar Bibles" at auction.

At issue was how Mersch received the Bible. According to court records obtained by the Houston Chronicle, the author got the space-flown scripture from former NASA chaplain and scientist John Stout. Mersch's 2010 book, "The Apostles of Apollo," recounts Stout's founding of the Apollo Prayer League and how hundreds of the microfilmed King James Bibles were flown the moon.

Stout, 91, and his wife, Mary Helen, were declared wards of the state around the same time that Mersch claims she was given the religious space relic to sell for the couple.

A DADS spokesperson told the Chronicle that it was the agency's job to protect the financial assets of its wards.

As Mersch is said to have at least four Bibles, at stake is potentially hundreds of thousands of dollars. A December 2012 auction of another lunar Bible — unrelated to Mersch — sold for $56,250 at Sotheby's in New York. [NASA's 17 Apollo Missions in Photos]

Glory of the moon
Three hundred of the approximately 1 inch-by-1 inch microfilm Bibles flew aboard NASA's February 1971 Apollo 14 mission, the third of six flights to land men on the moon.

The small squares, each printed with the 1,245 pages and 773,746 words of the Christian holy scriptures, were not an official cargo of the space agency. Rather, they were carried by moonwalker Edgar Mitchell as a favor to Stout and the Apollo Prayer League, a group of faithful NASA employees, who, led by Stout, prayed for the safety of the astronauts.

Two hundred of the Bibles were kept aboard the Apollo 14 command module "Kitty Hawk," which remained in lunar orbit. The remaining 100 descended to the moon's surface with Mitchell and mission commander Alan Shepard on board the lunar module "Antares" to the Fra Mauro lunar highlands.

Collectively, the Bibles became known as the "First Lunar Bible."

It wasn't the first time however, that the Bibles had been in space, let alone to the moon. The 300, together with 212 more, first flew on Apollo 13 in April 1970, but as a mid-flight explosion prevented a lunar landing, Stout requested the Bibles fly again on Apollo 14. (A single Bible also flew on Apollo 12 in 1969, but due to a packaging error, made it only to lunar orbit.)

When Apollo 14 returned to Earth, Mitchell presented the Bibles back to Stout, who gave some of the intact Bibles and hand-cut 50-page fragments to members of the Apollo Prayer League. The remainder were kept by the Stouts.

Gift or grab
Forty years later, the Stouts were placed into guardianship after investigators deemed their living conditions to be in "deplorable condition," as the Houston Chronicle reported, citing a 2010 affidavit. The elderly couple are now living in a nursing home in Dayton, Texas.

The state is seeking the return of the Bibles in Mersch's custody to help support the Stouts' living expenses.

Last October, a judge ruled in favor of Mersch, but Texas has since filed an appeal. Mersch has filed a counter suit in Oklahoma, claiming the Bibles were gifted to her by the Stouts.

Mersch told the Houston Chronicle she is acting purely out of concern for the Stouts. She said that in the course of researching her book, she had grown close to the couple.

Jonathan Stout, the couple's son, said he disagrees. "The state is helping them," he told the Houston Chronicle of the involvement by DADS. "The other people are not."